James Mortimore was born around 1833, the son of William Mortimore and his wife Jane (nee Moody). Like his older sister Mary, his parents did not baptise him at birth. He was born in Upper Knowle, Bristol, originally a separate village which by the 1830s had become part of the sprawling city. James had two older sisters, Matilda and Mary Ann. It would be a hard childhood ahead for him. When he was only a baby, his mother Jane died, perhaps killed by one of the many diseases that continuously ravaged the port city. His father remarried the following year to Mary Ann Tippins a young woman from the Forest of Dean.
Growing up, James experienced the excitement of the birth of younger half sisters but also the hurt and sadness of losing three of his baby sisters. In 1840 when James was 7, his oldest sister Matilda died aged 18, and this must have been a devastating time for the family to lose the eldest daughter just approaching adulthood. James was finally baptised the following year, together with his sister Mary Ann. His step mother Mary acted as a caring maternal figure for him. James never knew his own birth mother, and both his maternal grandparents died before he was 11, so he would go on to develop a closer relationship with his step mother’s family than his own blood relatives.
Finding an occupation
In the late 1830s the family moved closer to the centre of Bristol and lived at 7 Pipe Lane, Temple parish. The family was by any description poor and James experience of schooling was extremely limited. He would have to labour from a young age to support his family. Bristol was situated near large coal seams centred to the south of the city and beginning in the mid 18th c., the coal seams were exploited. By the 1840s there were extensive coal pits in Bedminster, with many miners and labourers working there. Around the late 1840s, James began working in the coal industry as a teenager, perhaps as early as fourteen. Colliery labour was dangerous work. There was little oversight of safety and accidents were frequent, sometimes deadly.
The Forest of Dean
James might have left home at about the age of 16 to live with his step uncle George Tippins, who was a colliery engine driver in the Forest of Dean. This was the occupation that young James would eventually follow, after first toiling as a general labourer. These men performed an important function in the colliery by driving the steam engines carrying wagons from the colliery to the sidings for collection and transport on the main line.
The 1851 census shows George Tippins had taken in James Mortimer under his wing. They lived next to his brothers William and Henry Tippins, who also worked in the coal mining industry.
1851 census entry for James Mortimer and Tippins family
Life as a colliery worker
Coal mining in the Forest of Dean coalfield had taken place since Roman times, although it wasn’t until the development in steam power during the industrial revolution that coal mining and working really took off in the area. In 1787 the area had 90 working coal mines, and 31 that had fallen into disuse. The product was transported to ports on the river Severn, where it was loaded onto barges, transported to Bristol and shipped afield. For centuries mining was regulated through the free mining system, in which leases were granted to individuals as a right to mine a specific area and reap the profits from mining production.
Separation of parents
In 1853, when James was 20, his step mother Mary Ann escaped her married life in Bristol to move back home to the Forest of Dean, abandoning her husband William Mortimer but taking her 11 year old daughter Elizabeth with her. Mary Ann then proceeded into a bigamous marriage with Thomas Beach, a local widower, although she made no attempt to disguise her name upon marriage. Although her father’s name was William Tippins, she presumably pretended to be his illegitimate daughter. The marriage took place in Ellwood Primitive Methodist chapel, West of Parkend, so there were no local objections. James’ half sister Elizabeth’s name was changed to Beach to reflect her new family until her marriage, when she reverted to Mortimore.
It is possible to speculate over the circumstances but chances are the reason for the incident will remain unknown. James presumably empathised with his step mother and continued to live near her in the Forest of Dean. Mary Ann and Thomas had no children together. She continued to live at Whitecroft, Gloucestershire with her new husband.
Parkend St Paul parish church, Gloucestershire
Marriage to Sennabia Phipps
In his 20’s, James Mortimer became an engine driver and in the 1861 census is listed as such. At this time he was 28 years old and still lodging with his uncle George, although he was ready to settle down and have a family of his own. His fiancé was a young school mistress called Sannabia Phipps, whose distinctive name was invented by her Methodist parents. Methodists were known to employ unconventional names. They had initially met through a personal connection. Sannabia’s father George Phipps was an engine driver and coworker of George Tippins. The marriage took place on 14 Sep 1862 in Newnham on Severn.
James Mortimore & Sannabia Phipps marriage record
James Mortimore was 29 while Sannabia Phipps was 20. While neither were from Newnham, they lived in the same parish of West Dean parish, near Parkend in the Forest of Dean. James Mortimore’s sister Mary Ann and her husband Charles James were witnesses.
Newnham on Severn St Peter parish church, Gloucestershire
Family in Yorkley
Together James and Sannabia had seven children, though their eldest son and daughter both died in infancy.
Mary Eleanor Mortimore (1863-1864) bap. 20 Dec 1863 Parkend, bur. 28 Jan 1864 Parkend
George William Mortimore (1865-1865) bap. 12 Feb 1865 Parkend, bur. 28 Mar 1865 Parkend
Annie Mortimore (1866-1901)
James Edward Mortimer (1869-1949)
George Phipps Mortimore (1874-1946)
Blanche Kate Mortimore (1877-1926)
Percival Albert Mortimore (1880-1969)
The family lived in the vicinity of Yorkley hamlet, near the village of Pillowell and between the settlements of Whitecroft and Viney Hill. Their son George Phipps was named after his grandfather George Phipps. James Mortimore worked as an engine driver in a nearby colliery, perhaps Parkend colliery. The map below shows the Forest of Dean network of collieries and trainlines that had built up by 1894. Together with the welsh valleys region to the West, the area developed into a powerhouse fuelling Victorian industry across the whole UK.
Forest of Dean colliery network
Shortly after the birth of James Edward Mortimer, James’ step mother Mary died, at the age of 54 years. She was buried in Parkend churchyard on 13 Apr 1870, alongside her parents and other members of her family.
Later changes
By 1881, James Mortimer had started to be a grocer alongside his job in the colliery. This might have been an occupation he acquired from someone else who stopped working, as people often picked up others jobs after a vacancy. All of James and Sannabia’s children except Annie are listed as young scholars and so must have attended school up to the age of about 14. James evidently wanted them to have the opportunity to learn given he only received a limited amount of schooling. Sannabia was also once a school mistress and doubtless an influence on their education. She encouraged them to attend school to better their prospects.
1881 census, James Mortimer and family
Final years
Sadly, the harsh colliery environment and unwholesome atmosphere generated from the smelting of coal eventually took its toll on James Mortimer’s health. Unbeknownst to his family, he was already in the twilight of his years. Within three years of the 1881 census, James had fallen ill and by April his condition had detoriated. On 26 Apr 1884 he suffered a fatal heart attack. He was aged 51. He was buried the 29 Apr 1884, in Viney Hill churchyard. James death left a young family of 5 children without a father, the youngest of whom was Percival Albert (Percy) Mortimer, aged 3 years old. His widow, Sannabia remarried to Edwin Thomas Curnock in 1887. They had only one daughter, Eva Eugenia R Curnock (1889-1907). Sannabia died on 24 Apr 1931 aged 87 and was buried the 28 Apr 1931 Viney Hill. Edwin survived both Sannabia and their daughter, living to 1941. James’ two sons started branches of the Mortimer family that continue to this day.
My fourth great grandfather was William Mortimore. Both his origins and early life are obscure, but two facts of his life are known. He was probably born into the lower rung of society, and he moved to Bristol for work during the employment troubles caused by the industrial revolution. By trade he was variously described as either a milkman or labourer, and he was perhaps a labourer in a dairy. He moved to Bristol before the age of 30, marrying twice and fathering eleven children. The earliest sign of his arrival in Bristol was his marriage to Jane Moody, a spinster from Wiltshire, on 22 Nov 1819, in the parish of St James Bristol. William was aged over 30 and Jane was aged 22. Both were illiterate and used a mark to sign their names. The register recorded neither their ages nor occupations and no family members attended as witnesses, making it a challenge to trace their families. Both were born in neighbouring counties and had moved to Bristol from the countryside. Jane was born in Nov 1797, North Bradley, near Trowbridge, Wiltshire, where coincidentally, an unrelated Mortimer family also lived, derived from the Mortimers of Wiltshire.
Marriage record of William Mortimore and Jane Moody, 1819
View of Bristol from Clifton, c. late 18th century
Marriage to Jane Moody
Bristol St James fair in its hay-day
William and Jane exchanged marriage vows at the parish church of St James, Bristol. The church was originally built as a Benedictine Priory in the 12th century, and became the location of a popular annual fair from 1374. The fair was held in St James’ churchyard, and spilled into the surrounding streets, providing entertainment and merry making for many. In the early 1800’s the fair had become so popular that merchants planned their shipping routes around the fair to supply luxury goods like wine, dyes and exotic fruits or oils.
By the time of William and Jane’s marriage in 1819 the fair had gathered a reputation for frivolous merry making that was in stark contrast to the ideals of the original founding monks! Certain characters of ill repute were said to stalk the streets eager to corrupt the young to a life of low morals. Strident objections from the religious community eventually lead to the fair being banned in 1837. Luckily St James church was one of the few medieval churches that survived the Bristol Blitz largely unscathed and is the oldest building in Bristol to survive near to its original form. After the war it fell into disuse but was eventually saved and restored.
Bristol St James Priory, West Front
Life in Bristol
William Mortimer arrived at a time of great change in Bristol. Across the skyline, the ancient buildings of the medieval city were being demolished to make way for the new architecture of Empire and prestige. Wealthy merchants and financiers, some of whom had made their fortune in the slave trade, wanted to live in modern housing with style and opulence. Whilst the splendid medieval merchant houses of Bristol had previously been a sign of wealth and privilege, by the 1800s these antiquated buildings had lost their appeal and turned into slums, becoming a magnet for disease and malnourishment. The majority of these ancient buildings were home to the poorest of Bristol society, and those who lived there had no other choice. Bristol antiquarians managed to commission engravings of many such buildings before they were lost to history, with some illustrations completed just as the buildings were being pulled down.
Old house on Temple St, Bristol
Lewins Mead, Singular Buildings
House on Bristol Back, demolished 1818
Old house on Baldwin St, demolished 1823
Demolition of an old house on Wine St., c.1820s.
Family life in Bristol and Bedminster
William and Jane had four children together. Their first child was born 2 years after their marriage.
John Edward, bap. 29 Apr 1822 Bristol St James
Matilda, bap. 27 Oct 1822 Bedminster St John the Baptist & Bristol St James
Mary Ann, b. 9 Jul 1827, bap. 17 Jan 1841 Bristol St Philip & St Jacob
James Mortimer, b. c.1833, bap. 17 Jan 1841 Bristol St Philip & St Jacob
After 1822 William and Jane stopped baptising their newborn children, presumably after lapsing into non-religious observance. By 1822 they had moved to Upper Knowle, where their daughters Matilda, Mary Ann and second son James were born. Although it was required to baptise children in the parish where they were born, Mary and James weren’t baptised until 1841. They might even have had more children who did not survive. At this point Upper Knowle would have been at the fringes of the city, as the industrial success of Bristol attracted migrants from rural areas, forcing expansion. By the 1830’s the population had grown over 10 fold since medieval times, the overwhelming majority of the population boom occurring from the industrial revolution.
Antique map of Bristol, 1797
Unrest in Bristol
William Mortimer and his family lived during a time of great social change. Bristol was a fast growing industrial town, but was still not given the political representation it deserved. Aside from this, only 6 out of 100 Bristolians had the rights to vote. The 1831 Reform Bill which aimed to get rid Parliament of the rotten boroughs and give industrial cities like Bristol greater representation, was defeated in the House of Lords, leading to bitter resentment.
When the local magistrate arrived to open the new assize courts in Bristol, anger towards the establishment boiled over. An angry mob attacked and chased the magistrate to the Mansion House in Queen’s Square, and hundreds of people began rioting. The rioters set fire to several important public buildings, also destroying the Bishop’s Palace and setting free the prisoners from Bristol gaol. The Dragoon Guards were called in to restore order and shot at the rioters to disperse the crowds. Four rioters were killed in the ensuing melee, and several soldiers injured. The city must have seemed akin to something like a way zone, as fighting erupted in the streets and further fires were started.
Queen Square Riots, Bristol 1831
Dragoons open fire on the Bristol Rioters, contemporary illustration
Bristol conflagration on the night of the Queen Square riots, 1831
The fires of Bristol blazed throughout the city centre, and could be seen from many miles away. Many unfortunate residents perished in the inferno, which continued to rage through the night. The following day, Bristol residents were greeted with a scene of devastation, as the Mansion House, Bishop’s Palace and many other buildings on Queen Square were gutted and destroyed. A thick layer of ash fell like snow on the city, and the fire service worked hard to extinguish any remaining small fires. The repercussions of the riots were severe. 114 people were convicted of rioting, of which 31 were executed. The commander of the Dragoons was court martialled for leniency, having ordered the 14th Light Dragoons away from the riots during the heat of the action. He later committed suicide before his trial.
Queen Square, Bristol, the morning after the riots, 1831
Tragedy strikes, 1834
By 1834, the family moved to Bristol Temple parish, in the south part of the city. Sadly, tragedy struck the family in July of that year with the death of Jane Mortimer, at the young age of 36. She probably died from one of the many infectious diseases which ravaged European cities in the 1830’s, like influenza, typhus, typhoid and cholera, which often were worse during the summer. It is impossible to know the exact cause of Jane’s demise, as civil registration of births marriages and deaths only began three years later in 1837. Jane was buried in Bristol Temple church, 27 Jul 1834. Famed for its unusual 15th century leaning tower, Bristol Temple was bombed during the Bristol Blitz, completely destroying the interior and leaving a hollow shell, which is now an open memorial area. Bristol Temple churchyard continues as an open place of reflection and remembrance.
Temple church, Bristol, antique engraving
Second marriage
William Mortimore was left a widower and a single parent, forced to work as a low paid labourer to make ends meet. He remarried in 1835 to Mary Ann Tippins, a woman over 30 years his junior, who worked as a servant in Bristol.
Marriage record of William Mortimore and Mary Ann Tippins, 1835
William was in his late 40s, while Mary Ann was 19, only a few years older than his first child by Jane. Mary Ann was from the Forest of Dean and had a large family there. She was variously called Mary, Mary Ann or just Ann. They were married on 25 March in Bristol St James, and had five children together:
Jane, b. 1836, bap. 14 Feb 1836 Bristol St James
Mary Jane, b. 1838, bap. 18 Nov 1838 Bristol St James
Sarah Jane, b. 17 Mar 1842, bap. 10 Apr 1842 Bristol St Philip & St Jacob
Elizabeth, b. 30 Nov 1844, bap. 25 Dec 1844 Bristol St Philip & St Jacob
William, b. 1850, bap 10 Aug 1850 Bristol St Philip & St Jacob, d. Mar 1851 Bedminster
While devoted to his younger wife Mary Ann, William obviously cherished the memory of Jane, as he continued to name three of his daughters after her. The family were living at 7 Pipe Lane, Bristol Temple by 1838, when Mary Jane was born. Her birth record showed William worked as a milkman. Their eldest child Jane did not survive, as Mary Jane was known just by her middle name until her marriage. Although the children were born south of the river, William and Mary continued to cross the river to baptise their children at St James and then St Philip & St Jacob parish church. Mary Ann and James, children by his earlier marriage to Jane, were both baptised on 17 Jan 1841, they were aged 13 and 8 respectively.
St Philip and St Jacob church, Bristol, from antique engraving
No further happiness – for all hope dies
Though William lost his wife in 1834, his fortunes were sadly not to improve. Both William and his family would have to endure even further heartbreak, that would break even the most tight knit of families. For in 1838 and 1840, the unimaginable happened. Both William’s eldest children, his son John Edward Mortimer and his daughter Matilda, died before their eighteenth birthdays, killed by the hideous diseases that continued to ravage industrial cities. Matilda was doubtless loved by all her siblings, and in the death of poor John, young James no longer had an older brother to look up to. William must have been devastated, for he had always hoped that in his eldest son, his line would continue, and in time his children would be both safe and prosperous. No man could ever recover from such a loss, and William was left a broken stranger to all.
Household in 1841
The Mortimer family, or those who had survived the devastating sickness outbreaks of the 1830’s, continued to live in Bristol, for by then they had no other choice. The year after Matilda’s death, the Mortimers lived in Pipe Lane, Bristol. The first national census was carried out in June 1841. Whilst it is not entirely clear exactly where Pipe lane was, it should not be confused with Pipe Lane, St Augustine parish, which is closer to the city centre. Bristol Temple parish was south of the river Avon and originally in Somerset, but was incorporated into Gloucestershire as part of boundary changes, along with the rest of Bristol city registration district. In the census the family members’ ages were rounded down to the nearest five years and the relationships between the family members were not stated, though the head of the house was written first.
The Mortimer household in 1841 – census record
William Mortimer, age 40, born c.1800 outside the county, occupation LabourerMary Mortimer, age 25, born c.1815 outside the countyMary, age 10, born c.1830 BristolJames Mortimer, age 8, born c.1833 BristolJane, age 2, born c.1839 Bristol
The 1841 census imparted limited but interesting information about the household. William and Mary were both born outside Bristol, while the children were all born in the Bristol area. William worked as a labourer, but only a few years before in 1838 he had been termed a milkman. He either laboured in a dairy, or his milk and dairy work was equivalent to that of a labourer. Both Mary and James were probably working at the time, for the family had lost the income of both John and Matilda Mortimer. It wasn’t until 1876 that school attendance was made compulsory, and the young children of the family’s experience of school would probably have been very limited. James might have received only some schooling, for he was able to sign his name in 1862. Elizabeth Stripling, a washer woman, also lived with the Mortimers in 1841 but was unrelated to the family. Elizabeth was born c.1805 in Minehead, Somerset. It was common for people to cohabit at the time, and many poorer families had to share lodgings. The family probably lived all on one floor of a house.
The Mortimer household in 1851 – census record
William Mortimer, Head, married, age 64, Dairyman, born c.1787 Devon South MoltonAnn Mortimer, wife, married, age 34, Laundress, born c.1817 Gloster (sic)James Mortimer, son, unmarried, age 18, Labourer at a colliery, born c. 1833 BristolSarah Mortimer, dau, age 9, born BristolElizabeth Mortimer, dau, age 6, born Somerset KnowleJane Mortimer, dau, age 13, born Bristol
Oddly, William seems to have aged 24 years in just a decade, reflecting the inaccuracy of the census ages! Here is evidence that there was at least a 30 year gap between William and Mary Ann. James Mortimer is recorded in the household, even though he was no longer living with them, having moved to live with his step uncle George Tippins in the Forest of Dean and work as a colliery labourer.
Marital separation and family breakdown
By this point the once close Mortimer family had begun to drift apart, with Mary Ann, William’s eldest daughter, moving to live with Charles James, having a daughter seven years before their marriage in 1852 and James, the only surviving son, moving to the Forest of Dean to live with his Tippins relatives. Sometime between 1851 and 1853, William and Mary Ann separated. What followed the separation though was extraordinary. Mary Ann moved back to the Forest of Dean, taking Elizabeth, her youngest daughter with her. It was there that she remarried in 1853 to Thomas Beach. Whether they had been having an illicit affair and promised to run away together is unknown but it is an interesting thought. Not only that, but William Mortimer was still alive. This was unashamed bigamy at its most blatant and a flagrant violation of Victorian moral values. Thomas and Mary were also breaking the law. Their bigamous marriage was carried out four years before the 1858 Matrimonial Causes Act which legalised divorce through the civil courts.
Mary Ann Tippins second marriage – bigamy!
In this context it is surprising that Mary Ann made no attempts to even conceal her identity or change her name before marrying Thomas. The marriage record follows:
Thomas Beach and Mary Mortimore marriage record
27 Sep 1853, marriage solemnized in the Methodist Chapel of Elwood, Monmouthshire.
Groom: Thomas Beach, age 50, widower, Collier, Breams Eaves West Dean, father: Thomas Beach, collier.
Bride: Mary Mortimore, age 36, spinster, housekeeper at home, Breams Eaves West Dean, father: William Tippins, collier.
Both bride and groom signed their names with a mark (X). The marriage was performed by Nicholas Pascoe and witnessed by William and Ann Jones, who were clearly friends of the couple. Both also signed with a mark. At first glance, there is nothing unusual about the marriage. The couple were from the same area with a similar social background, less than a generation’s age gap between them. Both their fathers worked as colliers in the Forest of Dean. The bride, groom and witnessed all signed with a mark, reflecting the low rate of literacy in the area. What is striking is that Mary stated her status was a spinster, meaning an unmarried woman, yet as her father is William Tippins, Mortimer is clearly not her maiden name. She must have been married or widowed herself and her only grounds for marriage being as a widow, like her fiancee Thomas Beach, yet this detail seems to have passed unnoticed. She presumably pretended that she was an illegitimate daughter of William Tippins by a woman called Mortimer. It is clear why they married far away from Bristol, so to limit the chance of objections to their impending marriage.
Family migrations
In 1861 we find the happily wedded couple living together in Whitecroft, near to where Mary Ann was born herself. Interestingly, her daughter Elizabeth’s name had changed to Elizabeth M Beach, to reflect her new marital status. Presumably the M stood for Mortimer, reflecting her real maiden name. Why Mary Ann Tippins moved from West Dean to Bristol, only to move back again 18 years later and marry Thomas Beach is a mystery and one that will probably never be answered! Being a family of very little substance, they left nothing of value to be handed down the generations that might have enlightened their lives. Eventually all but one of William Mortimer’s surviving children joined her in the forest of Dean, including Mary Ann, James, Mary Jane and Elizabeth. Perhaps they sympathised with Mary Ann’s side. Sarah Jane married and stayed in the Bedminster area before emigrating with her husband to Tuscarawas, Ohio, USA. Mary Ann Beach died in 1370 and was buried 13 Apr 1870 Parkend St Paul church.
Final years
William Mortimore stayed in Bristol but moved to 41 St Thomas St, in the parish of St Thomas Church. Before 1861 he was invalidated and forced to retire. In 1861, William was into old age and approaching the end of his life. At the census, his age was stated as 68 but he was likely older. With none of his family around to care for him, he finally perished of Bronchitis in 1862. Ellen James was present at his deathbed, although she was likely a servant of no connection to Charles James who married his eldest daughter Mary Ann Mortimer. With no possessions or property to speak of, William made no will and there is no record of administration after his death. He was likely buried in the cemetery of Arnos Vale near Totterdown, south of Bristol city. The streets that he lived in throughout his time in Bristol were destroyed during the Blitz and subsequent post war redevelopment. The streets were completely renamed and there is now little to suggest what Bristol might have looked like during William’s time, except a number of churches, sometimes ruinous and a scattered collection of antique engravings.
Bristol St Mary Redcliffe parish, antique woodcut illustration
Inspired by medieval history, I began my family tree in 2013. This was exciting for me, as I was the first in my family to truly look into family history and attempt to take the tree back beyond a few generations. After quickly making fascinating discoveries using the Victorian census returns, I soon hit an impasse after researching back to my 4th great grandfather William Mortimore, born about 1787, who it seems was born in Devon but then moved to Bristol before 1819. By profession he was variously described as a dairyman, milkman or labourer, and was presumably from a labouring background. Though William’s name was invariably spelt Mortimore, this is simply a variant spelling of Mortimer, spelling variation common to all names in the past. Mortimore, is how the name was typically spelt in the West Country, perhaps because of the local accent. Further back in time the y was used instead of the i, which was common to all spelling.
The mission to find William Mortimore’s parentage has led me on my own journey of research in documenting the whole Mortimer family of Devon, in order to find the origin of my elusive ancestor. I have closely followed the Mortimers of Bristol and Wiltshire in my research, in order to find more connections, and narrow down the options for William’s parentage. At present, no definitive answer to the dilemma of William’s ancestry has presented itself, but there are several compelling options which are worth exploring further.
In the county of Devon, farming dominated, especially dairy farming. The industrial revolution mechanised the agricultural industry and lead to great social changes, forcing many labourers like William Mortimore to emigrate to cities such as Bristol to find work. This lead to a breakdown of social and community relief structures, and an increased reliance on charity and the state for relief.
The following are stories about the lives of my ancestor William Mortimore and his descendants, complete with family trees and supporting information. The different generations are included on separate pages.
Finding an occupation
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